Phani Siddha
@ Super Sixty IAS Academy
Hyd
STUDY THIS MATERIAL ATLEAST (ATLEAST) ONCE IN ADDITION TO THE RUNNING/DICTATED CLASS NOTES...
last Updated on 4th April 2012
The Indian Forest Act, 1927
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960
The Wild Life(Protection) Act,1972
The Forest(Conservation)Act,1980
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro Organisms Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002
Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011
Stockholm Conference On Envi 1972
Vienna conference On Ozone Depletion 1985
Montreal Protocol On Ozone Depletion 1987
UN Earth Summit/
Rio (Earth) Summit/ UNCED on Envi 1992
Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste 1992
Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming 1997
Bali Road Map “ “ 2007
Copenhagen Accord “ “ 2009
Cancun Conf “ “ 2010
Durban Conf “ “ “ 2011
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (also known as the Stockholm Conference) was an international conference convened under United Nations auspices held in Stockholm, Sweden 1972.
It was the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues, and marked a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.
it is widely recognized as the beginning of modern political and public awareness of global environmental problems.
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 is a Multilateral Environmental Agreement.
It acts as a framework for the international efforts to protect the ozone layer. However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs, the main chemical agents causing ozone depletion, laid out in the accompanying Montreal Protocol.
A British Expedition found a large Ozone Hole over Antartic during its 2005 expedition..
The Montreal Protocol 1987 on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation, with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body tasked with reviewing and assessing the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change.It provides the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic consequences, notably the risk of climate change caused by human activity. The panel was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), two organizations of the United Nations. The IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President of the United States Al Gore for his environmental activities and movie Inconvenient Truth. The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. A main activity of the IPCC is publishing special reports on topics relevant to the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that acknowledges the possibility of harmful climate change. Implementation of the UNFCCC led eventually to the Kyoto Protocol. The IPCC bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed and published scientific literature. Aims of the IPCC to assess scientific information relevant to
1 human-induced climate change
2 the impacts of human-induced climate change
3 options for adaptation and mitigation.
The IPCC first assessment report was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The executive summary of the Working Group I Summary for Policy makers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 oC per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years. CO2 LEVELS IN ATMOSPHERE The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth's atmosphere is approximately 390 ppm (parts per million) by volume as of 2010 end. This data shows it rises relatively quickly, and even the rise grows quickly. The average growth for the period 2001-2010 was 2.03 ppm per year. Carbon dioxide is essential to photosynthesis in plants and other photoautotrophs, and is also a prominent greenhouse gas. Despite its relatively small overall concentration in the atmosphere, CO2 is an important component of Earth's atmosphere because it absorbs and emits infrared radiation thereby playing a role in the greenhouse effect. The present level is higher than at any time during the last 800 thousand (8 Lakh) years and likely higher than in the past 20 million years.
RIO DE JANEIRO - EARTH SUMMIT
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), known as the Rio Summit, Rio Conference, Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 3 June to 14 June 1992.
172 governments participated, with 108 sending their heads of state or government. 2,400 representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) attended, with 17,000 people at the parallel NGO "Global Forum", who had Consultative Status.
The issues addressed included:
The Basel Convention opened for signature in 1989 and in force from 1992 on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs).
It does not address the movement of radioactive waste.
The incidents which led to the creation of the Basel Convention was the Khian (ship of Philadelphia) Sea waste disposal incident and the 1988 Koko case of Nigeria
These practices have been deemed "Toxic Colonialism" by many developing countries.
At its most recent meeting 2006, the Conference of the Parties of the Basel Agreement focused on issues of electronic waste and the dismantling of ships. Obligations
In addition to conditions on the import and export of the above wastes, there are stringent requirements for notice, consent and tracking for movement of wastes across national boundaries. It is of note that the Convention places a general prohibition on the exportation or importation of wastes between Parties and non-Parties.
The United States is a notable non-Party
Basel Ban Amendment
In particular, the original Convention did not prohibit waste exports to any location except Antarctica but merely required a notification and consent system known as "prior informed consent" or PIC. Further, many waste traders sought to exploit the good name of recycling and begin to justify all exports as moving to recycling destinations.
Lobbying at the 1995 Basel conference by LDCs, Greenpeace and key European countries such as Denmark, led to a decision to adopt the Basel Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention.
Not yet in force, but considered morally binding by signatories, the Amendment prohibits the export of hazardous waste from a list of developed (mostly OECD) countries to developing countries. The. An area of special concern for advocates of the Amendment was the sale of ships for salvage, shipbreaking. BOMAKO CONVENTION is an African Initiative to control transboundary movement of hazardous waste ROTTERDAM CONFERNCE 2003 : | ||
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, more commonly known simply as the Rotterdam Convention, is a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals. The convention promotes open exchange of information and calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labeling, include directions on safe handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans.
There are many Substances covered under the Convention... some important ones are
§ Aldrin
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
Substances proposed for addition to the Convention
2011 Meetings: Global Controversy over Canada's Stand on Chrysotile
At the 2011 meeting of the Rotterdam Convention in Geneva, the Canadian delegation surprised many with their continued refusal to allow the addition of chrysotile asbestos fibers to the Rotterdam Convention
IUCN RED LIST (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)
1) Extinct (EX) - No individuals remaining.
2) Extinct in the Wild (EW) - Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.
3) Critically Endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
4) Endangered (EN) - High risk of extinction in the wild .
5) Vulnerable (VU) - High risk of endangerment in the wild .
6) Near Threatened (NT) - Likely to become endangered in the near future .
7) Least Concern (LC) - Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category, Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
8) Data Deficien t (DD) - Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction.
9) Not Evaluated (NE) - Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable, in the order of highest to lower threat values.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is an international legally binding treaty.
The Convention has three main goals:
(2) sustainable use of its components; and
(3) fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources
In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.
2011 was the Year of Forests
UN declared the period from 2011 to 2020 as the UN-Decade on Biodiversity.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2003) is an international agreement on biosafety, as a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity
The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.
It will for example let countries ban imports of a living modified organism if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence that the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered commodities such as corn or cotton.
The Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003.
Genetically Modified (GM) crops have the potential to increase farm yields, reduce farm costs and thereby increase farm incomes. The Government has, therefore, been very supportive of the efforts to develop transgenic crops.
An NGO Environmental Support Group (ESG) – Bangalore has brought to the notice of MoEF the dangers of exempting species of plants and animals from the Biological Diversity Act, 2002
How exports can drive endangered species to the point of extinction is exemplified by the case of Puntius denisonii, a popular freshwater fish in the international aquarium trade owing to its exquisite beauty, which is also known as Denison's barb or “Miss Kerala”.
Kyoto Protocol::
The Kyoto Protocol 1997 is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming.
The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving the "stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
The signatory not to have ratified the protocol is the United States.
Other United Nations member states which did not ratify the protocol are Afghanistan, Andorra and South Sudan. In 2011, Canada denounced the Protocol.
Under the Protocol, 37 countries ("Annex I countries") commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments.
At negotiations, Annex I countries (including the US) collectively agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% on average for the period 2008-2012. This reduction is relative to their annual emissions in a base year, usually 1990.
BALI ROAD MAP
The island Bali in Indonesia - 2007 the participating nations adopted the Bali Road Map as a two-year process to finalizing a binding agreement in 2009 in Copenhagen.
The Bali Road Map includes the Bali Action Plan (BAP) that was adopted
the pillars or building blocks
§ A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emission reductions.
§ Enhanced action on adaptation.
§ Enhanced action on technology development and transfer to support action on mitigation and adaptation.
§ Enhanced action on the provision of financial resources and investment to support action on mitigation and adaptation and technology cooperation.
Cutting emissions
The nations acknowledge that evidence for global warming is unequivocal, and that humans must reduce emissions to reduce the risks of "severe climate change impacts" and emphasized the urgency to address climate change.
Forests
The nations pledge "policy approaches and positive incentives" on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries; and enhancement of forest carbon stock in developing countries This paragraph is referred to as “REDD-plus”.
Copenhagen Accord
The Copenhagen Accord 2009.
The Accord, drafted by the United States on one hand and the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil) on the other is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose present round ends in 2012
Summary
The Accord
§ Underlines that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and emphasises a "strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities"
§ To prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, recognizes "the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius", in a context ofsustainable development, to combat climate change.
§ Recognizes "the critical impacts of climate change and the potential impacts of response measures on countries particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects" and stresses "the need to establish a comprehensive adaptation programme including international support"
§ Recognizes that "deep cuts in global emissions are required according to science" (IPCC AR4) and agrees cooperation in peaking (stopping from rising) global and national greenhouse gas emissions "as soon as possible" and that "a low-emission development strategy is indispensable to sustainable development"
§ Agrees that developed countries would raise funds of $30 billion from 2010-2012 of new and additional resources
§ Agrees a "goal" for the world to raise $100 billion per year by 2020, from "a wide variety of sources", to help developing countries cut carbon emissions (mitigation). New multilateral funding for adaptation will be delivered, with a governance structure.
§ Establishes a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, as an operating entity of the financial mechanism, "to support projects, programme, policies and other activities in developing countries related to mitigation". To this end, creates a High Level Panel
§ would include consideration of strengthening the long-term goal", for example to limit temperature rises to 1.5 degrees
§ The Australian Government committed to reduce emissions by 5 to 25% by 2020
§ Brazil: 36.1 to 38.9%
§ Canada: 17%
§ China: 40 to 45%
§ India: 20 to 25%
§ Indonesia: 26%
§ Japan: 25%
§ Mexico: 30%
§ Russian Federation: 15 to 25%
§ South Africa: 34%
§ South Korea: 30%
United States: 17%
CANCUN CONFERENCE
2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Outcome
The outcome of the summit was an agreement, though not a binding treaty.It recognizes that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet, and thus requires to be urgently addressed by all Parties.
Affirms that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and that all Parties share a vision for long-term cooperative action in order to achieve the objective of the Convention, including through achievement of a global goal.
It recognizes that warming of the climate system is unequivocal and that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, as assessed by the IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report.
It further recognizes that deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and that Parties should take urgent action to meet this long-term goal, consistent with science and on the basis of equity.
Also recognizes the need to consider, in the context of the first review, strengthening in relation to a global average temperature rise of 1.5°C. Realizes that addressing climate change requires a paradigm shift towards building a low-carbon society
Calls on rich countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as pledged in the Copenhagen Accord, and for developing countries to plan to reduce their emissions.
The agreement includes a "Green Climate Fund," proposed to be worth $100 billion a year by 2020, to assist poorer countries in financing emission reductions and adaptation.
Criticism
There was no agreement on how to extend the Kyoto Protocol, or how the $100 billion a year for the Green Climate Fund will be raised, or whether developing countries should have binding emissions reductions or whether rich countries would have to reduce emissions first. Cancun Conf has been criticized for lack of leadership and for not specifying how the proposed climate fund will be financed, and for not stating that countries had to "peak" their emissions within 10 years and then rapidly reduce them for there to be any chance to avert warming.
DURBAN CONFERENCE 2011, SOUTH AFRICA
it has forced countries to admit that their current climate policies are inadequate.
First: The Durban agreement explicitly refers to the "emissions gap" – the difference between the aggregate impact of commitments that countries have made, and the upper limit of emissions required to have a chance of meeting the globally agreed goal of no more than two degrees of global warming.
That gap is large, and countries have now agreed that their targets will need to be strengthened to try to close it.
Second, Durban has re-established the principle that climate change should be tackled through a framework of international law.
At the heart of the Durban deal is the extension of the Kyoto Protocol, the legally binding treaty signed in 1997. Although only the EU and a few other countries are likely to maintain their commitment to it, this is vital to preserve its legal rules and mechanisms, which have done much to enable climate policy in the last decade.
At the same time, Durban has set up a roadmap towards a new treaty to succeed Kyoto in 2020, which for the first time will require the big emerging economies such as China, India and Brazil, to make legally binding commitments too.
This is a vital recognition of the key role these countries must now play (and in many cases are playing) in tackling climate change, given the rate at which their economies and emissions are growing. It is a very significant breakthrough.
Third, the conference has established a new Green Climate Fund which, if properly financed,will provide vital support to the poorest countries to reduce their emissions and adapt to the climate change they are already experiencing.
So in all these ways Durban has given a major boost to climate policy and low carbon investment.
An unprecedented alliance of the European Union with the large group of poor and island countries that are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Effectively defeating those countries, including the US, which did not want either to raise their ambition levels or pursue a legally binding framework, this alliance has provided a heartening example of how UN processes can empower small countries and progressive political goals. For the EU, it has demonstrated in otherwise uncertain times that common purpose can achieve both global good and national interest.
In itself, as green NGOs have rightly pointed out, it does not divert the world from the dangerous path towards a four degree temperature rise on which we are now walking. But it will help strengthen the fight against it.
A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of anothergreenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide.
Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases(GHGs).
One carbon credit is equal to one metric tonne of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases.
Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach. Greenhouse gas emissions are capped and then markets are used to allocate the emissions among the group of regulated sources.
The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the atmosphere.
Since GHG mitigation projects generate credits, this approach can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes between trading partners and around the world.
There are also many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis. These carbon offsetters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects.
Buyers and sellers can also use an exchange platform to trade, such as the Carbon Trade Exchange, which is like a stock exchange for carbon credits.
The quality of the credits is based in part on the validation process and sophistication of the fund or development company that acted as the sponsor to the carbon project. This is reflected in their price; voluntary units typically have less value than the units sold through the rigorously validated Clean Development Mechanism
Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the "flexibility" mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol of 1997
It is defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, and is intended to meet two objectives:
(1) to assist parties not included in Annex I (Annex I countries are developed/Rich) in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is to prevent dangerous climate change; and
(2) to assist parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments (greenhouse gas (GHG) emission caps).
"Annex I" parties are those countries that are listed in Annex I of the treaty, and are the industrialized countries. Non-Annex I parties are developing countries. (37 Rich nations had signed Kyoto to implement emission reductions Other countries had variable commitments)
Objective (2) is achieved by allowing the Annex I countries to meet part of their caps using "Certified Emission Reductions" from CDM emission reduction projects in developing countries
This is subject to oversight to ensure that these emission reductions are real and "additional."
The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The CDM allows industrialized countries to invest in emission reductions wherever it is cheapest globally. Between 2001, which was the first year CDM projects could be registered and by 2012, the end of the Kyoto commitment period, the CDM is expected to produce some 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent(CO2e) in emission reductions.
Most of these reductions are through renewable energy, energy efficiency, and fuel switching Carbon capture and storage (CCS) was included in the CDM carbon offsetting scheme in December 2011. However, a number of weaknesses of the CDM have been identified. Several of these issues are addressed by a new modality, the Program of Activities (PoA) that moves away from accrediting single projects but bundles all projects of one type of activity and accredits them together.
CRZ Rules – Final Frontier Report by M.S.Swaminathan Committee
The notification classifies the CRZ area into four categories namely,
CRZ-I (eco-sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral, forest areas etc.)
CRZ-II (urban areas),
CRZ-III (rural areas) and
CRZ-IV (Islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep).
The notification regulates the developmental activities within the Coastal Regulation Zone area i.e., 500mts from the High Tide Line along the coast and 100-150mts from the High Tide Line along tidal influenced water bodies.
The regulations of the CRZ Notification, 1991 also apply to the islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
These islands are geographically small and mostly consists of ecologically sensitive areas such as coral, mangroves, forest areas.
The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1991 prohibits mining of sands, rocks, and other substrata material except rare minerals like, monazite, rutile (a reddish mineral containing titanium di oxide having varied uses like in paints,gems,) etc., and exploitation of oil and natural gas.
All activities which are permissible under the CRZ Notification, 1991 are required to obtain clearance under the said notification.
The Government has initiated steps to implement the recommendations made by Prof. M. S. Swaminathan Committee in its report Final Frontier dated 16.7.2009 for strengthening of the CRZ Notification, 1991. The steps include drafting of a Sustainable Coastal Zone Protection Notification with an objective to protect the livelihood of local communities and promoting sustainable development in the coast.
2. What are the objectives of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011 ?
The main objectives of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011 are:
a) To ensure livelihood security to the fishing communities and other local communities living in the coastal areas;
b) To conserve and protect coastal stretches and;
c) To promote development in a sustainable manner based on scientific principles, taking into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas and sea level rise due to global warming. (and man made hazards not mentioned)
TERI – The Energy and Resources Institute
The Energy and Resources Institute, commonly known as TERI (formerly Tata Energy Research Institute), established in 1974, is a research institute based in New Delhi focusing its research activities in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable development.
TERI has a global presence with many centers both within India and abroad.
The Institute's Director General Rajendra K. Pachauri is also the chairman of the 2007 Nobel Prize awarded Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Awards and achievements
- Bio technologists at TERI developed a new technique for the revival of sick oil wells called Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). It has helped in recovering 5% to 15% of crude oil from the wells that have been declared `sick' after secondary treatment with chemicals that recovers 20% oil.
- In 2006, TERI developed a technology to mass-produce a consortium of mycorrhiza bio- fertiliser. The technology is the first of its kind globally. The bio-fertiliser has applications in agriculture, horticulture, economic plantations, forestry and bio-fuels, and enhances nutrition and yield increment up to 50% and curtails chemical fertiliser inputs by 5%.
- TERI in 2003, developed a non-pathogenic pesticide-munching bacteria in the form of a powder that can biodegrade endosulfan, a widely used pesticide.
- TERI developed Oilzapper, a mix of bacteria that destroys crude oil sludge.
More than 30,000 tonnes of soil contaminated with oily sludge have been treated, and more than 5000 hectares of farmland contaminated with oil spills have been reclaimed.
- . TERI designed a cylindrical furnace for refining metals called Cupola which has enabled workers in small scale metal foundries literally breathe easy. The Cupola brought down the amount of fine soot and dust in the surrounding air from an average of 2600 micrograms per cubic meter to about 50, and which reduced air borne sulphur dioxide from 300 micrograms per cubic meter to about 40
GRIHA
The national rating system for green buildings in India, GRIHA has been developed and operationalized by TERI. GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment.
Delhi Sustainable Development Summit
The Institute is closely related to the annual Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS) and the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). TERI has established the World Sustainable Development Forum (WSDF)
TERI University
TERI University was established on August 19, 1998, and was recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) as a deemed-to-be University in 1999. TERI University is the first of its kind in India to dedicate itself to the study of environment, energy and natural sciences for sustainable development.
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